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It is no exaggeration to call a bearing a joint of a car. In a car, not only the wheels need to use bearings, but all the machine parts that will change are indispensable for the participation of the bearings. It is a very inconspicuous but very serious thing in the transmission system. Because of the large amount of work, its wear is also relatively high, so replacing the bearing is a common job in car repair. Here are a few common ways to distinguish between bearing quality: Whether the outer packaging is clear: Under normal circumstances, the factory brand has a special depiction of the external packaging, and the factory that produces the production conditions is manufactured, so the packaging is clear from the line to the color block. . Some imported brands also have a common depiction on their own packaging to protect their intellectual property, which will be continuously analyzed in the future. Whether the steel printing is clear: brand words, labels, etc. will be printed on the bearing body. The font is very clear. The fonts of counterfeit products are not only vague, because the printing skills are rough, the fonts float on the surface, and some can even be easily erased by hand. Is there any noise: hold the inner sleeve of the bearing with your left hand, and turn the outer sleeve with your right hand to make it rotate to hear if there is any noise. Because the production conditions of some counterfeit products are backward, and the hands-on operation is completely carried out, it is inevitable that impurities such as sand will be incorporated into the bearing body during the production process, so the noise will be announced during the rotation. This is the biggest difference between a factory brand that strictly enforces production specifications and operates with machines. Whether there is dirty oil on the outside: this should be taken together when purchasing imported bearings. Because the current domestic anti-rust skills are not shared at home, it is very simple to leave a thick oil trace on the anti-rust treatment of the bearing body. It is sticky on the hand, and the bearings imported from abroad are hard to see. To the traces of anti-rust oil, but the common careful expert said that the imported bearings smelled a taste, it must be under the anti-rust oil, just can't see it. Whether the chamfer is uniform: the so-called chamfer of the bearing, that is, the intersection of the horizontal and the vertical, the counterfeit bearing is unsatisfactory in the corners of these corners because of the constraints of production skills.

Bearing inspection and repair 1) Inspection and correction of the bearing housing hole The damage of the crank bearing in use is mainly wear, fatigue peeling and melting. When the engine is overhauled, new bearings must be replaced. Before repairing the bearing, first check whether the bearing housing hole meets the requirements. The roundness and cylindricity error of the bearing housing hole is not more than 0.015mm. The method of inspection and correction is: clean the bearing seat, install the bearing cap, and tighten the fixing bolt or nut according to the specified torque. When the roundness and cylindricity of the seat hole are exceeded, the welding can be welded on both ends of the bearing cap. Machining or padding adjustment, it is not allowed to repair the bearing cap. Clean the oil of the journal and bearing, cut the gap of the plastic wire into the same length as the bearing width, and place it on the crank pin so that it is parallel to the center line of the shaft. Carefully install the bearing cap and set the nut according to the regulations. Torque tightening, carefully remove the bearing cap, use the measuring tape printed on the plastic line gap gauge bag, measure the width of the widest part of the flattened plastic wire, and obtain the gap value. Replace the new bearing when the limit value is exceeded. 2) Matching of bearings At present, the commonly used bearing alloys for gasoline engine crankshaft bearings are babbitt and high-tin aluminum alloy. The thickness of the alloy layer is 0.30~0.35mm. In addition to the standard size, the bearing size is reduced by 0.25mm according to the inner diameter. The primary repair size corresponds to the crankshaft journal for use in repairs.

A bearing that is subjected to a sliding motion by a shaft and a bearing is called a sliding bearing. According to the principle of oil film formation on the two opposite moving surfaces of the sliding bearing. Can be divided into fluid dynamic pressure lubrication bearings (also known as dynamic pressure bearings) and hydrostatic bearings (also known as hydrostatic bearings). Generally discussed is a hydrodynamically lubricated bearing that carries oil between two surfaces by relative movement of the shaft and the bearing to form a sufficient pressure film to separate the two surfaces to withstand the load. Commonly used bearing materials are divided into metal materials and non-metal materials. (1) Cast iron. Ordinary gray cast iron or wear-resistant gray cast iron with nickel, chromium and titanium alloy composition, or ductile iron can be used as a material for light-load low-speed bearing bushes. In these materials, a sheet-like or spheroidal graphite component is coated on the surface of the material to form a layer of lubricating graphite. After the surface of the wear-resistant cast iron is phosphating, a porous thin layer can be formed, which helps to improve the wear resistance. (2) Bearing alloy. (usually babbitt or white alloy) bearing alloys are divided into two categories: one is based on tin, adding appropriate amount of bismuth and copper, called tin-based bearing alloys, such as ZChSnSb11-6; the other is Lead is the basic component, and an appropriate amount of tin and antimony is added, which is called a lead-based bearing alloy such as ZCnPbSn16-16. (3) Copper alloy. Copper alloys can be divided into: cast lead bronze; cast tin zinc lead bronze; cast tin phosphor bronze; cast aluminum bronze; cast brass. (4) Aluminum alloy. It is divided into two categories: low tin aluminum alloy, containing about 6.5% tin; high tin aluminum alloy, containing tin up to 20%. (5) Ceramic metal. This is a bearing material that is pressed and sintered with different metal powders. The material is porous, and the pores account for about 10% to 35% of the volume. The immersion in the hot oil before use makes the pores full of lubricating oil. It has self-lubricating properties, also called oil-bearing bearings. (6) Graphite. The graphite bearing bush can be pure graphite, and its strength is low; plastic, resin, silver, copper or babbitt alloy can also be added to improve strength and improve adaptability. (7) Other non-metallic materials. 1) Rubber. It is mainly used as a lubricant for water and is relatively dirty. 2) Phenolic tape. It is a layered structure of cotton, asbestos or other rayon fabric bonded with phenolic resin. 3) Nylon. Used on low load bearings.

First, the advantages of stainless steel bearings 1, excellent corrosion resistance: stainless steel bearings are not easy to rust, with strong corrosion resistance. 2, washable: stainless steel bearings can be washed down without having to re-lubricate to prevent rusting punishment. 3, can run on the liquid: due to the materials used, we can run the bearings and housings in the liquid. 4, the depletion speed is slow: AISI 316 stainless steel, no oil or grease anti-corrosion protection. Therefore, if the speed and load are low, there is no need to lubricate. 5. Hygiene: Stainless steel is naturally clean and non-corrosive. 6. High heat resistance: Stainless steel bearings are equipped with high temperature polymer cages or cages that are not in a complete complementary structure and can operate at higher temperatures ranging from 180°F to 1000°F. (Need to be equipped with high temperature grease) Second, stainless steel bearings 304 and 440 material difference Stainless steel bearings are now divided into three materials 440, 304, 316, the first two are more common stainless steel bearings. The 440 material is definitely magnetic, that is, the magnet can be sucked. 304 and 316 are micro-magnetic (many people say that he is not magnetic, this is not true) that is, the magnet can not absorb, but you can feel a little suction. Generally stainless steel housings are made of 304 material. So is the material of the stainless steel housing 304 good or 440? 304 is the most used stainless steel, the price is lower than the 440 anti-corrosion ability, mechanical properties, etc., the comprehensive performance is more comprehensive, so it is more common applications. The disadvantage, however, is that no further heat treatment can be performed to change its performance. 440 is a high-strength cutting tool steel (tailed with A, B, C, F, etc.), which can obtain a high yield strength after proper heat treatment, and is among the hardest stainless steel. The most common application example is the "razor blade."

For the design of the reducer, the general housing and the outer ring of the bearing adopt a clearance fit. During the operation of the bearing, the direction of the force is fixed, and mainly bears the reaction force generated by the meshing between the gears. If the circumferential direction of the bearing outer ring is always fixed, the force will always act on a fixed point of the outer ring of the bearing, which is more likely to cause metal fatigue and reduce the service life of the bearing. In theory, during the actual operation, the outer ring of the bearing is allowed to rotate slowly within a certain period of time. This can effectively prevent the reaction force from always acting on a certain point of the outer ring and delay the fatigue wear of the bearing. Through the analysis of the design theory, it is considered that this is one of the most fundamental causes of the bearing chamber wear of the reducer. Because there will always be deviations between theory and practice, there will be uncertainty in the design, manufacturing and assembly. It is difficult to effectively ensure the clearance between the bearing chamber of the reducer and the outer ring of the bearing, and it is difficult to ensure that the outer ring of the bearing rotates one revolution. cycle. Therefore, the length of time that the outer ring of the bearing rotates for one week will directly determine the service life of the bearing chamber. However, the actual application of the outer ring rotation cycle cannot be guaranteed. Firstly, the common techniques and techniques are analyzed. The common methods are insert bushing, pitting, surfacing, brush plating, thermal spraying, laser cladding, etc. These repair processes are emerging while promoting technological process improvement and development. It is also limited by complex process conditions and on-site environment, especially in the face of equipment problems such as sudden emergencies, large equipment, and complicated disassembly. These processes are obviously more than enough. The way of bushing and pitting is a very old method of shaft repair, which has poor repair effect and is rarely used at present. At present, more sophisticated processes, such as Sole carbon nano-polymer materials, are repaired using material technology. On-site quick repair reducer bearing chamber application case (1) The surface of the bearing chamber of the reducer is oiled and polished to reveal the primary color of the metal. (2) The surface was washed with absolute ethanol, and the Sole carbon nano-polymer material SD7101H was adjusted in proportion. (3) The material to be tempered is scraped with a sample ruler. (4) Heating and solidifying the material with a iodine tungsten lamp to improve material properties.

Fan bearing difference Radiator development has been accompanied by two major themes - cooling and mute. The easiest way to improve the heat dissipation performance is to increase the fan speed. As the fan speed increases, the noise also increases. At this time, the noise comes from two aspects. On the one hand, the sound of cutting the air when the fan is running, and the other is the sound generated by the friction of the fan mechanical equipment. This sound is emitted from the bearing. Some radiators whose quality is not good often cause poor use of the fan. If you buy that kind of product, it may take a long time to enjoy the horrible noise caused by the bearing. From this, how important the bearing as an important part of the fan is to our radiators. These fan bearings are more common in the market. Let's take a look: 1. Oil bearing SleeveBearing Oil bearing SleeveBearing: This type of bearing can be said to be the older bearing technology on the market. However, due to its low cost, it is technically easy to implement. Many products, including well-known brands, are still in use. The advantage is that it is used initially. Quiet, low noise, low price; but generally in the later period due to the internal fuel volatilization and the entry of dust, causing serious wear on the bearing, resulting in slower speed, increased noise, and an average life of only 8,000 to 15,000 hours. 2, Lai Fu Bearing RifleBearing RifleBearing: Rifle Bearing, developed by CoolerMaster, uses a shaft core with a reverse spiral groove and a slinger. When the fan is running, the oil will form a reverse migration, thus avoiding oil loss and acting as an oil bearing. Reconstruction type, Laifu bearing effectively improves the service life of the bearing. Compared with oil-bearing bearings, there is not much improvement in cost. It can be said that it is a relatively good economic solution in the middle of low-end products. 3, magnetic suspension hydraulic bearing HYDRAULICBearing Magnetic suspension hydraulic bearing HYDRAULICBearing: The magnetic suspension hydraulic bearing technology introduced by AVC utilizes the magnetic support suspension effect and the special oil film lubrication matched with it, effectively solving the contradiction between the long life and low noise of the fan. 4, nano bearing NACOOLBearing NACOOLBearing: Introduced by FOXCONN, the new bearing materials made of nanocomposites have good performance in high temperature and wear resistance. These bearings can effectively improve the wear resistance of fan bearings and in complex environments. The use will not be affected too much, and the service life will be increased to 120,000~150,000 hours compared with ordinary bearings. 5, ball bearing BALLBearing Ball bearing BALLBearing: Compared with oil-impregnated bearings, ball bearings change the friction mode of the bearing. This method is more effective in reducing the friction between the bearing surfaces, effectively improving the service life of the fan bearing, and thus the radiator. The service life is extended. The disadvantage is that the process is more complicated, resulting in higher costs and higher operating noise. 6, double ball bearing DUALBALLBearing Double ball bearing DUALBALLBearing: Double ball bearing is also included in the ball bearing. Compared with single ball bearing, the double ball bearing can last for more than 50,000 hours. The stability is very good, but it brings higher working noise and manufacturing cost. There are different differences between the radiator products using these bearing technologies on the market. The simplest is the difference in price. Understanding these differences can help us decide when we purchase the radiator, and also according to our own needs. Avoid some merchants shoddy, let yourself spend money and can not achieve the effect you want.

1. The role of silicon in GCr15 bearing steel It is beneficial to the formation of the body-centered cubic ferrite structure. It does not form carbides in the steel. It is on the left side of the iron in the periodic table and is mainly dissolved in iron. It has little effect on the diffusion coefficient of carbon in austenite, and has no effect on the formation rate of austenite. It can raise the A1 point and relatively slow the formation of austenite. If the austenite grain size is slightly hindered or ineffective during heating, the pearlite phase transformation can be delayed to shift the C curve to the right, so that the nose on the C curve moves to a high temperature region, which lowers the Ms point and improves the supercooled austenite. The stability of the body, thereby reducing the quenching critical cooling rate and improving the hardenability of the steel. It can significantly slow down the decomposition of martensite at lower temperature, but does not slow down the decomposition of martensite at tempering at 400-500 °C, significantly hindering the accumulation of carbides, hindering the elimination of various types of distortion in steel during tempering. The effect, and generally delays the recovery, recrystallization and carbide aggregation process of the α phase of the quenched steel, thereby inhibiting the reduction of the hardness and strength of the steel and enhancing the tempering stability of the steel. The recrystallization temperature of the α phase can be increased, the temper brittleness of the steel can be significantly enhanced, the phase structure of the steel can be changed, and the amount of pearlite can be increased. The main purpose is to increase the hardenability of the steel. All the hardened parts can obtain high and uniform comprehensive mechanical properties after high temperature tempering, especially the high yield ratio, which significantly strengthens the ferrite and is more than a certain range. Can improve the toughness of steel. 2. The role of chromium in GCr15 bearing steel The element of the γ phase region can be blocked. When the content reaches a certain amount, the γ phase region is blocked, even if the γ region on the phase diagram shrinks to a small range, and the γ to α phase transformation occurs in the alloy beyond this content, which is beneficial to the body center. Formation of cubic ferrite structure. Carbide can be formed in steel, which is a transitional over-group element. It is located on the left side of iron in the periodic table, which can reduce the carbon content of the steel at the eutectoid point and the maximum solid solubility of carbon in γ. The phase region disappears and all ferrite structures are obtained. It is a strengthening element forming element, which reduces the diffusion coefficient of carbon in austenite, thus greatly delaying the transformation process of pearlite to austenite. In the steel, the formation of special carbides is not easy to dissolve, which will reduce the austenite formation speed. Slow, can raise the A1 point, relatively slowing the formation of austenite. Significantly, the recrystallization temperature of the α phase is pushed to a high temperature, so that temper brittleness is apparent in the steel, and the further development of martensite decomposition is strongly prevented, and the phase structure of the steel can be changed to increase the amount of pearlite. Increasing the hardenability of the steel, all the hardened parts can obtain high and uniform comprehensive mechanical properties after high temperature tempering, especially the high yield ratio, significantly strengthening the ferrite, and increasing the steel in a certain range. Resilience. If a special carbide which is difficult to dissolve is formed, if the holding time is insufficient during heating, austenite having extremely uneven composition will be obtained. It has a moderate hindrance to the austenite grain size during heating, which can delay the pearlite phase transformation, reduce the Ms point, improve the stability of the supercooled austenite, thereby reducing the quenching critical cooling rate and improving the hardenability of the steel. Significantly hinder the accumulation of carbides, hinder the steel from eliminating various types of distortion during tempering, and generally delay the recovery, recrystallization and carbide aggregation of the α phase of the quenched steel, thereby inhibiting the reduction of hardness and strength of the steel. Enhance the role of manganese in 5.3 GCr15 bearing steel The γ phase region can be turned on, and if a certain amount is reached, the occurrence of the α phase region can be completely suppressed, and the γ phase is replaced, so if the r region is quenched to room temperature, austenite is easily obtained. The recrystallization temperature of the α phase can be increased, and temper brittleness is apparent in the steel, and the phase structure of the steel can be changed to increase the number of pearlite. Carbides can be formed in steel, which are transitional transitional elements. On the left side of the iron in the periodic table, A3 and A1 can be lowered. After a large amount of addition, A3 can be lowered to below room temperature, and the steel still has a temperature at room temperature. The structure of the austenite can change the transformation temperature of the electrolysis, reduce the A1 point and increase the superheat degree relatively, which increases the formation speed of austenite, can make the pearlite refine, and is beneficial to the formation of austenite. The austenite grain size is helpful. The pearlite phase transformation can be postponed to lower the Ms point and improve the stability of the supercooled austenite, thereby reducing the quenching critical cooling rate and improving the hardenability of the steel. In order to increase the hardenability of steel, all hardened parts can obtain high and uniform comprehensive mechanical properties after high temperature tempering, especially high yield ratio, which significantly strengthens ferrite and can be improved in a certain range. The toughness of steel.

Steel is an alloy containing iron and carbon as its main components, and its carbon content is generally less than 2.11%. Steel is an extremely important metal material in economic construction. Steel is divided into two categories according to its chemical composition: carbon steel (carbon steel for short) and alloy steel. Carbon steel is an alloy obtained from smelting of pig iron. In addition to iron and carbon as its main components, it also contains a small amount of impurities such as manganese, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus. Carbon steel has certain mechanical properties, good process performance, and low price. Therefore, carbon steel has been widely used. However, with the rapid development of modern industry and science and technology, the performance of carbon steel can not fully meet the needs, so people have developed a variety of alloy steel. Alloy steel is a multi-component alloy obtained by preferentially adding certain elements (called alloying elements) on the basis of carbon steel. Compared with carbon steel, the performance of alloy steel is significantly improved, so it is increasingly used. Due to the wide variety of steels, steel must be classified for ease of production, storage, selection and research. Steel can be divided into many categories according to the use, chemical composition and quality of steel: One. Classified by purpose According to the use of steel, it can be divided into three categories: structural steel, tool steel and special performance steel. Structural steel: 1. Steel used as various machine parts. It includes carburized steel, quenched and tempered steel, spring steel and rolling bearing steel. 2. Used as steel for engineering structures. It includes A, B, special steel and ordinary low alloy steel in carbon steel. Tool steel: Steel used to make various tools. According to the use of tools, it can be divided into cutting tool steel, die steel and measuring steel. Special performance steel: It is a steel with special physical and chemical properties. Can be divided into stainless steel, heat-resistant steel, wear-resistant steel, magnetic steel and so on. two. Classified by chemical composition According to the chemical composition of steel, it can be divided into two categories: carbon steel and alloy steel. Carbon steel: According to the carbon content, it can be divided into low carbon steel (carbon content ≤0.25%); medium carbon steel (0.25% <carbon content <0.6%); high carbon steel (carbon content ≥0.6%) . Alloy steel: According to the alloying element content, it can be divided into low alloy steel (total content of alloying elements ≤ 5%); medium alloy steel (total content of alloying elements = 5% -10%); high alloy steel (total content of alloying elements > 10%). In addition, depending on the type of main alloying elements contained in the steel, it can also be classified into manganese steel, chrome steel, chrome-nickel steel, chromium-manganese-titanium steel, and the like. three. Classified by quality According to the content of harmful impurities such as phosphorus and sulfur in steel, it can be divided into ordinary steel (phosphorus content ≤0.045%, sulfur content ≤0.055%; or phosphorus and sulfur content ≤0.050%); high quality steel (phosphorus and sulfur content ≤ 0.040%); high-quality steel (phosphorus content ≤0.035%, sulfur content ≤0.030%). In addition, according to the type of smelting furnace, the steel is divided into open hearth steel (acid flat furnace, alkaline open hearth furnace), air converter steel (acid converter, alkaline converter, oxygen top-blown converter steel) and electric furnace steel. According to the degree of deoxidation during smelting, the steel is divided into boiling steel (incomplete deoxidation), killed steel (complete deoxidation) and semi-killed steel. When steel mills name steel products, they often combine the three classification methods of use, composition and quality. For example, steel is called ordinary carbon structural steel, high-quality carbon structural steel, carbon tool steel, high-quality carbon tool steel, alloy structural steel, alloy tool steel and so on.

The outer spherical bearing is a self-aligning bearing with a spherical surface on the outer surface of the bearing outer ring and a sealing cover on both sides of the bearing. 390000 series outer spherical bearings are commonly used in agricultural machinery. These bearings are widely used in Xinjiang 1, 2, Futian, Zhongyuan and other combine harvesters, and more than 30 disks are used on one locomotive. The 390000 series outer spherical bearing is used to fix the inner ring of the bearing and the shaft through an eccentric sleeve, and the hexagon socket screw on the eccentric sleeve is used for fastening. In the maintenance, many operators will not disassemble such bearings, so it is necessary to introduce the technical points and precautions for disassembling the 390000 series spherical bearings: First, disassembly 1. First loosen the locking screw on the eccentric sleeve of the bearing with an Allen key, then insert the small iron rod into the counterbore on the eccentric sleeve of the top cover, and loosen the eccentric sleeve against the direction of rotation of the shaft. 2. Loosen the bolts that secure the bearing housing. Remove the bearing from the shaft together with the housing. Note before removing the bearing housing at one end of the shaft. The bearing block bolts at the other end of the shaft should be loosened to prevent the bearings at both ends from being damaged by each other. Second, the installation 1. Before installing the bearing on the shaft, the bearing pin of the bearing sleeve must be unplugged, and the surface of the journal should be smoothed and cleaned, and the oil is rust-proof and lubricated at the journal (allowing the bearing to rotate slightly on the shaft). 2. Apply lubricant to the bearing seat and bearing mating surface, and install the bearing into the bearing housing. Then the assembled bearing is placed on the shaft together with the bearing housing. Push to the desired location for installation. 3. The bolts of the fixed bearing housing should not be tightened first, so that the bearing housing can rotate in the bearing housing. Also install the other end bearing and seat on the same shaft, turn the shaft a few turns, and let the bearing itself automatically find the position. Then fasten the bearing block bolts. 4. Install the eccentric sleeve. First, eccentric sleeve is placed on the eccentric step of the inner sleeve of the bearing, and the shaft is tightened by hand in the direction of rotation. Then insert or hold the small iron rod against the counterbore on the eccentric sleeve. 1. Use a hammer to strike a small iron rod in the direction of rotation of the shaft. Install the eccentric sleeve securely and finally lock the socket head cap screws on the eccentric sleeve.

Oil seal is a mechanical component used to seal oil (oil is the most common liquid substance in the transmission system, also refers to the general liquid substance). It isolates the parts of the transmission parts that need to be lubricated from the output parts, so as not to let the lubrication Oil leaks. Seals for static and dynamic seals (generally reciprocating) are called seals. The representative form of the oil seal is the TC oil seal, which is a double-lip oil seal with a self-tightening spring completely covered by rubber. Generally speaking, the oil seal often refers to this tc skeleton oil seal. What material is the oil seal? The oil seal is made of rubber. The oil seal is mainly used in the joint parts of two lubricating parts to prevent oil leakage, such as crankshaft oil seal, semi-shaft oil seal, transmission shell oil seal and the like. What is the skeleton oil seal? The skeleton oil seal is a typical representative of the oil seal. Generally speaking, the oil seal refers to the skeleton oil seal. The function of the oil seal is generally to isolate the parts of the transmission parts that need to be lubricated from the output parts, so as not to let the lubricating oil leak. The skeleton acts like a reinforcing bar inside the concrete member, which acts to strengthen and maintain the shape and tension of the oil seal. According to the structure, the single lip skeleton oil seal and the double lip skeleton oil seal can be divided. The secondary lip of the double-headed skeleton oil seal acts as a dustproof to prevent dust and impurities from entering the inside of the machine. According to the skeleton type, it can be divided into an inner skeleton oil seal, an exposed skeleton oil seal and an assembled oil seal. According to working conditions, it can be divided into rotating skeleton oil seal and reciprocating skeleton oil seal. Used in gasoline engine crankshafts, diesel engine crankshafts, gearboxes, differentials, shock absorbers, engines, axles, etc. What is the general material of the skeleton oil seal? The general materials of the skeleton oil seal are divided into: nitrile rubber (NBR), fluororubber (VITON), silica gel (SIL), nylon (PA). These are the most common materials, of course, PTFE Teflon oil seals, and Skeleton oil seals and more.

1. Preparation before installation (1) Unpack and check the attached certificate and the slewing bearing sign to confirm that it is consistent with the selected model. (2) Carefully check the appearance and confirm that the slewing bearing is not subjected to major damage during transportation, such as severe corrosion, deformation, etc.; confirm the presence or absence of the soft belt mark and the maximum position mark of the gear jump (the gear requires quenching or the customer has special requirements) ). (3) The mounting bracket should have sufficient rigidity to prevent the slewing bearing from being installed due to insufficient rigidity of the bracket and deformation caused by the slewing bearing. (4) The installation plane must be clean and flat, and must not have iron filings, burrs or other debris. (5) For the installation of the slewing ring, the bolts with the strength registration should be selected. Bolts and nuts shall comply with the requirements of GB3098.1 and G B3098.2. Spring washers are prohibited. 2. installation (1) Place the slewing bearing horizontally on the mounting bracket, and place the soft belt and the blocking position in the non-load zone, the non-frequent load zone or the light load zone. (2) Check the contact between the slewing bearing plane and the mounting plane with a feeler gauge. If there is a gap, the material should be filled with the material to fill the gap to prevent the slewing bearing from deforming after the bolt is tightened. (3) The mounting bolts should have sufficient pre-tightening force, and the pre-tightening force generated by the pre-tightening force on the bolts should be within the range of 0.6-0.7 times of the yield point of the bolts. (4) Before the mounting bolts are tightened, the large and small gears must be meshed and adjusted. As shown in Figure 1 (side clearance), especially for gear quenching products, the maximum point of the slewing ring gear (marked with green paint) should be meshed with the pinion. Meet the requirements. (5) Tighten the mounting bolts symmetrically in the 180° direction.

There are many types of non-standard bearings, including size, shape, and material, such as the inner ring protruding, the outer ring wrapping, the outer ring slotting, etc., and the common ones are nothing more than the above. Although the installation conditions of non-standard bearings are not very strict, but also pay attention to some details. For example, when installing, it should be farther away from the machine that produces debris or powder and moisture, to prevent pollutants from entering the inside of the bearing, especially sand damage to the bearing life is the most serious. Before installation, be sure to check the surface of the bearing, whether there are attachments, scratches, sand, rust, etc. If so, please clean it in time. Because those attachments and scratches will grind the inner ring surface of the non-standard bearing, resulting in bearing damage. The influence of rust is more serious. Therefore, the journal and the mounting base hole must be thoroughly inspected before installation. If there is foreign matter or damage, the bearing needs to be processed before installation. There are also conditions for whether the inner and outer surfaces of the various joints are clean or smooth, and if they are installed without cleaning, they will shift during use of the bearing. Although the installation operation of non-standard bearings is simple, it pays great attention to the external environment, especially the details. To do this, we can extend the life of non-standard bearings.

1. Types and selection of CNC turning tools Turning tools for CNC turning are generally divided into three categories, namely pointed turning tools, circular turning tools and forming turning tools.  When the CNC lathe is roughing, it requires high tool strength and good durability to meet the requirements of large roughing backing and high feed speed. When the CNC lathe is finished, it is necessary to select a tool with high precision, sharpness and high durability to ensure the machining accuracy. In order to facilitate the tool setting and reduce the tool installation time, try to use the machine clamping knife, the tool material is best to use the coated carbide blade. The geometry of the insert (such as tip radius, geometry, etc.) should be determined by the shape of the machined part. It is important to note that when machining a spherical surface, a tool with a large off-angle should be used to prevent the flank of the tool from interfering with the workpiece. 2. Tool selection for NC machining of bearing sleeve 45° carbide end face turning tool end face, tool number T01; Use φ3.15 center drill to drill the center hole of φ3.15, cutter No. T02; Use φ26 taper shank twist drill to drill the bottom hole, knife No. T03; Use a non-through hole carbide boring tool to rough the inner hole, knife No. T04; The outer contour surface of the rough car of 93° carbide roughing tool is selected, the tool number T05; The outer contour surface of the 93° cemented carbide outer round fine turning tool is selected, the cutter number T06; Use 5mm wide carbide grooving cutter thread retracting slot, tool No. T07; Use 60° external thread cutter M45 external thread, cutter No. T08. Fill the selected tool parameters into the table 2-3 bearing sleeve CNC machining tool card for programming and operation management.

1. Loading tool The CKA6150 CNC lathe used for machining bearing sleeves is a six-station automatic tool holder. The tool must be adjusted to the same height as the spindle center line. The length of the shank should be 1.5 to 2 times the thickness of the shank. The general principle of loading a knife is that tools with similar functions are installed nearby, and process switching and tool replacement should be completed in a short period of time. 2. Mounting the workpiece CNC lathes generally use three-jaw self-centering chucks. The installation and alignment of the workpieces are basically the same as those of horizontal lathes. For the round bar material to be clamped, it should be placed horizontally in the jaws of the chuck, and after calibration, tighten the wrench of the chuck, and the workpiece clamping is completed immediately. 3. Tool setting The tool point is the reference point of the tool, and it is also the gaze point when the tool is placed. It is usually a point on the tool. The tool point is the point used to determine the relative positional relationship between the tool and the workpiece. It is the point that determines the workpiece coordinate system and the machine coordinate system. The tool setting is to place the tool's tool point on the tool point to establish the workpiece coordinate system. The principle of selection of the knife point: (1) The selected tool point position should be convenient for mathematical processing and simple programming (2) easy to find on the machine (3) Easy inspection during processing (4) The processing error caused by small The tool is the main operation and important skill in CNC machining. Under certain conditions, the accuracy of the tool can determine the machining accuracy of the part. At the same time, the efficiency of the tool also directly affects the efficiency of CNC machining. The tool is generally divided into two categories: manual tool setting and automatic tool setting. At present, most CNC machine tools (especially lathes) use manual tool setting. The basic methods are: positioning tool setting method, optical tool setting method, ATC tool setting method and trial cutting tool setting method. The tool setting method commonly used in the FANUC numerical control system is a trial cutting tool setting method for setting the tool offset compensation. The steps are as follows: (1) Test the outer circle with an external turning tool, exit along the +Z axis and keep the X coordinate unchanged. Measure the diameter of the outer circle and record it as d. (2) Press [OFSET SET" button → enter [shape" compensation parameter setting interface → move the cursor to the position corresponding to the tool position number, input Xd, press [Measure" button, system Automatically calculate the X-direction tool offset (3) Test the end face of the workpiece with an external turning tool, exit along the +X axis and keep the Z coordinate unchanged. (4) Press [OFSET SET" button → enter [shape" compensation parameter setting interface → move the cursor to the position corresponding to the tool position number, input Z0, press [Measure" button, the system will automatically calculate Z Direction tool offset. You can also "enter" the offset yourself. (5) The set tool offset is called with the T code in the NC program. This method has the advantages of being easy to understand, simple to operate, and programming and tool setting can be completely separated. Therefore, it is most commonly used in tool setting.

1. Processing of the ferrule: The processing of the inner ring and the outer ring of the bearing varies according to the raw material or the form of the blank. The process before the machining can be divided into the following three types: the whole processing process is: bar material or Pipe material (some bars need to be forged and annealed, normalized)----Car processing----heat treatment----grinding----finishing or polishing----final inspection of parts-- --Anti-rust----into the warehouse----(to be combined with the package) 2. The processing of steel balls, the processing of steel balls also varies according to the state of the raw materials. The processes before the frustration or the photosphere can be divided into the following three types: the process before the heat treatment, and can be divided into The following two processes, the whole process is: bar or wire cold-punching (some bars need to be punched and annealed after cold-shrinking)----frustration, rough grinding, soft grinding or light ball---- Heat treatment----hard grinding----fine grinding----finishing or grinding----final inspection group----rust prevention, packaging----into the warehouse <to be combined with the package>. 3. Roller processing The processing of the rollers varies according to the raw materials. The process before the heat treatment can be divided into the following two types. The whole processing process is: bar material processing or wire cold rolling after the string ring And soft grinding----heat treatment----string soft point----rough grinding outer diameter----rough grinding end face----finishing end face----fine grinding outer diameter----final grinding Outer Diameter----Final Inspection Group----Anti-rust, packaging----into the warehouse (to be combined with the package). 4. Processing of the cage The processing of the cage depends on the design structure and raw materials, and can be divided into the following two categories: (1) sheet material → shearing → punching → stamping forming → shaping and finishing → pickling Or shot peening or stringing → final inspection → rust prevention, packaging → storage (to be combined with the package) (2) processing of the physical cage: the processing of the physical cage, depending on the raw materials or hair damage, The car can be divided into the following four types of blanks before processing. The whole process is: bar, pipe, forgings, castings----inner diameter, outer diameter, end face, chamfer---drilling (or Pull hole, boring)----pickling----final inspection----rust prevention, packaging----into the warehouse <to be combined with the package>.

When the wheel bearing of the automobile is damaged, the continuous frictional collision sound will be transmitted from the corresponding position of the chassis wheel during driving. Usually, the abnormal friction between the brake hub and the brake pad will greatly increase the driving resistance, and in the case of serious damage, the wheel will be damaged. The mechanism caused the hub to fall off, causing serious traffic accidents. When the hub bearing is damaged, the brake drum should be removed to check if the bearing is defective. When repairing, remove the wheel, use a screwdriver to pry off the dust cover, use pliers to remove the locking pin on the shaft idle nut, turn the brake drum with one hand, and tighten the hub fixing nut with a wrench. As soon as there is significant drag and friction at the bearing, loosen the nut slowly until the nearest pin hole is aligned and a new cotter pin is inserted (notable: under no circumstances can The nut is reversed and retracted by 1/4 turn, otherwise the hub bearing will be loose and cause early wear). After inserting the split pin, the end should be removed and bent to prevent it from falling off. Finally, buckle the dust cover back onto the brake drum and put it back on the wheel. Grab the upper and lower sides of the wheel and shake it to allow a little play. If there is serious damage to the hub bearing, there are cracks, pitting or ablation on it and must be replaced. Apply grease before installing new bearings, and then install them in reverse order. The replaced bearings must be flexible and free of miscellaneous and vibration.

1. Lamp pumped YAG laser marking machine The lamp pump YAG laser marking machine adopts a stable and efficient concentrating cavity and a large multiple laser beam expanding system. The beam quality is better, the laser power is large, the peak power is high, the pulse width is small, and the energy is more concentrated. The current and software control are continuously adjustable, and the engraving depth is deep (<2.0mm); the industry application is more targeted. Large laser power, good stability; stable laser mode, narrow pulse width, more concentrated laser energy; uniform and fine engraving line width (<150μm); strong engraving depth and high efficiency; complete optical path sealing, strong environmental adaptability; Beautiful appearance and reasonable mechanical structure. application: YAG lamp pump laser marking machine is widely used in hardware, precision machinery, electronic components and other industries, especially suitable for mold processing, printing wheel engraving and all metal marking requirements requiring deep engraving. In the metal engraving application, the machine has the characteristics of deep depth, fast speed, stable operation and fine graphics. The metal materials can be iron, stainless steel, copper, aluminum and so on. Typical application cases, such as indexing and marking of circular and umbrella metal dials for various machine tools, laser marking of metal ruler scales, etc. 2. Semiconductor pumped YAG laser marking machine The semiconductor pump laser marking machine uses a semiconductor laser diode (measuring surface or end face) with a wavelength of 0.808um to pump Nd:YAG medium, so that the medium generates a large number of inverted particles to form a giant pulse with a wavelength of 1.064um under the action of the Q switch. Laser output, high efficiency of electro-optical conversion. The semiconductor pump laser marking machine and the lamp pump YAG have better stability, power saving, no need to change lamps, and the like, and the price is relatively high. Marking speed can be obviously improved under the same effect of marking, typical applications such as anti-white effect, anodizing layer on aluminum surface, laser coding of animal ear mark, laser marking of metal signage automatic loading and unloading. The laser output is stable, and a bright, repeatable pattern can be marked on the stainless steel plate. The new optical path sealing method ensures the safe operation of the pump head and has a long maintenance-free period. application: Engravable metal and a variety of non-metallic materials. It is especially suitable for applications where fine marking and high precision are required. Used in electronic components, hardware products, tool accessories, integrated circuits (IC), electrical appliances, mobile communications, precision instruments, glasses and watches, jewelry, auto parts, plastic buttons, building materials, PVC pipes, medical equipment and other industries. Common metals and alloys (all metals such as iron, copper, aluminum, magnesium, zinc), rare metals and alloys (gold, silver, titanium), metal oxides, special surface treatments (phosphorus, aluminum anodization, electroplated surfaces), ABS material (electrical appliance casing, daily necessities), ink (transparent button, printed product), epoxy resin (encapsulation and insulation of electronic components). 3 fiber laser marking machine It is mainly composed of laser, vibrating lens and marking card. It uses laser fiber laser to produce laser marking machine. The beam quality is good, its output center is 1064nm, and the whole machine life is about 100,000 hours. Compared with other types of laser marking The device has a longer life span and an electro-optical conversion efficiency of 28% or more. It has a great advantage in conversion efficiency of 2%-10% compared with other types of laser marking machines, and has outstanding performance in energy saving and environmental protection. Fiber lasers have a lifespan of about 100,000 hours, work 365 days a year for 24 hours a day, and have a lifespan of more than 12 years. They are truly maintenance-free. The fiber marking machine is small in size (only the size of the ordinary computer mainframe), the electric power is <200W, the weight of the whole machine is <22KG (not including the computer and the non-standard electronic control unit), and the built-in air-cooled cooling method is adopted, which discards the cumbersome and easy problem. The water-cooled unit can even be powered by a 24V battery, which is truly energy efficient and portable. The fiber spot marking machine has a very good spot pattern, and the single line is finer, which is suitable for ultra-fine processing. The 20W fiber basically covers the processing range of 50W semiconductor, and the system integration is high, the fault is small, and it is really suitable for industrial processing. Applications. 4.CO2 laser marking machine The CO2 laser marking machine adopts high-speed scanning galvanometer, high-performance RF laser, ultra-high speed, accurate quasi-performance and stable operation for 24 hours. Suitable for marking of most non-metallic materials, such as paper packaging, leather fabrics, plexiglass, resin plastic materials, bamboo and wood products, coated metals, PCB boards, etc. Widely used in the fields of medicine, personal care products, tobacco, food and beverage packaging, alcohol, dairy products, clothing accessories, leather, electronic components, chemical building materials and other fields of production and effective date, batch number, shift, manufacturer name and logo, etc. Graphic and text markup.

Nitrile rubber: Nitrile rubber is a general-purpose sealing material. It is a rubber synthesized from acrylonitrile and butadiene and has good resistance to the following media. Most mineral oils and mineral oil based greases General fuels such as gasoline, diesel and light civilian fuels Animal oil, vegetable oil and fat Hot water The nitrile rubber seal also allows the bearing to operate for a short period of time without oil. The permissible operating temperature range is -40 to 100 °C. It can withstand temperatures up to 120 ° C in a short time. However, it is not advisable to operate at higher temperatures because the nitrile rubber will harden. Hydrogenated nitrile rubber Hydrogenated nitrile rubber has more wear resistance than nitrile rubber, so seals made from this material have a longer working life. In addition, hydrogenated nitrile rubber has greater resistance to heat, ageing and hardening in hot oil or ozone. Hydrogenated nitrile rubber allows a maximum operating temperature of 150 ° C, which is much higher than the operating temperature of nitrile rubber. fluororubber The main characteristics of fluororubber are high temperature and chemical resistance, good anti-aging and ozone resistance, and very low gas permeability. Fluororubber still has excellent wear resistance even under very harsh working conditions. It can withstand operating temperatures of 200 ° C or below. Seals made of this material allow the bearings to run for a short period of time without oil. Fluororubber also has excellent resistance to a wide range of media including oils and hydraulic oils, fuels, lubricants, mineral acids, aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. In the case of compounds such as esters, ethers, ketones, certain amines, and high temperature anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, fluororubber should not be used. If the seal made of fluororubber is exposed to an open flame or at a temperature above 300 °C, it will endanger health and the environment! They are dangerous even after cooling. Seals are important for lubricant cleaning and bearing life. The purpose of the seal is to prevent the loss of lubricant and to prevent contaminants from entering the space to be protected. The seal has the following characteristics: Has sufficient deformability to compensate for irregular surfaces Has enough strength to withstand the pressure at work Able to withstand large operating temperature ranges Chemical resistance Minimal friction, frictional heat and wear during operation What is the bearing seal made of? Bearings with dust caps or seals on both sides are filled with grease and are generally maintenance-free. Bearings with dust caps are suitable for applications in dry conditions and relatively clean working conditions. The dust cover is also suitable for applications requiring low friction, such as high speed or high temperature. The dust cover is generally made of metal. What is the bearing seal made of? Bearings with contact seals are suitable for general contamination, applications where moisture or moisture is present, or require long service life and long-term maintenance-free conditions. The seals are generally made of rubber.

The most obvious phenomenon that the front wheel bearing is broken is that after the car is running, it will make a loud noise. Then the way to judge the front wheel bearing is broken is to listen carefully to whether there is such a sound while driving. Another method of judging is to turn the tire in the right hand and place the left hand on the shock absorbing spring to induce vibration. If the spring has a large vibration, it indicates that the bearing is broken. Because the front wheel bearing is damaged, it will aggravate the friction. When the vehicle is just running, it will generate a lot of heat. At this time, touch with your hand and you will feel hot. If the noise is caused by the abnormal sound, the direction will be left and right when driving, the direction will be left, the noise will disappear, and the direction will be right. There is a problem with the left front bearing, otherwise the right side is the same. We can also temporarily stop and get off to check if the temperature of the axle is normal. Touch the four hubs with your hands and feel roughly the same. If there is little difference, the owner can continue to drive slowly to the repair station and then do the processing. The front wheel bearing is similar to the front and rear axle of the bicycle. There are beads inside the shaft, that is, the beads are broken. With the increase of the speed, the noise is large, which will not affect the safety. The cage and bearings are best replaced together. If the dust jacket of the cage is broken, it must be replaced. Otherwise, the cage will break again after a long time.

Electric vehicle bearings are an important part of electric vehicles. Its main function is to support the mechanical rotating body, reduce the friction coefficient during its movement, and ensure its rotation accuracy. According to the friction properties of moving components, bearings can be divided into two categories: rolling bearings and sliding bearings. Among them, the rolling bearing has been standardized and serialized, but its radial size, vibration and noise are larger and the price is higher than that of the sliding bearing. Bearing damage: 1, the quality of the bearing itself, the steel is not up to standard, the material is used poorly! 2, the bearing is exposed to the outside seal is not easy to enter the water, such as the front wheel right bearing; the motor does not have the brake end cover inside the bearing) and the oil seal is damaged, the water will wash the bearing butter, resulting in poor lubrication and rust, Increasing the friction causes the bearing to wear out the "scattering". 3. If the wheel impact is severely damaged or the shaft hardness is insufficient to cause bending deformation, the bearing will be biased during the operation, and the [inner circle" and the grinding [outer circle" will be ground, so that the bearing is unevenly damaged and damaged! 4. The machining accuracy of the bearing hole is inaccurate, the bearing is slightly deformed, the running friction is increased, and the bearing wears prematurely. When the bearing is excessively damaged, the wheel will tilt, which will cause the vehicle to deviate during driving. This is because the bearing has a bearing capacity in a certain direction, which makes it difficult for the electric vehicle to control during the driving process. . If it is serious, the wheel may fall off. If the vehicle is at a high speed, the consequences will be unimaginable, so it is necessary to replace the damaged bearing in time. Replacement notes: 1. Check the end cap oil seal when changing the bearing. If the oil seal is not closed, please replace it! 2. There is little or no oil in the factory bearings. Please add the lubricating oil to the bearing oil seal! 3. If there is such a problem that the bearing hole is loose, for the safety considerations, the rim or motor end cover should be replaced! 4. After the bearing is installed, please float the wheel to check whether the wheel is running smoothly and smoothly. If there is any difficulty or stuck, if there is any possibility, the bearing may not be installed in place, please re-install! Otherwise, it will sweep the church, the operation is not flexible, and it will soon be "squeaky" when it is forced to ride the bearing! 5, tell the customer to try not to ride to the water, so as not to rust the water. After the electric vehicle bearing is ground for a long time, it is easy to be damaged, the turning is not smooth, the turning is abnormal, and most of the pressure bearing is used for repairing, so as to prevent the small problem from turning into a big fault.